Enrepreneurial orientation And Firm Performance In Small Medium Enterprice In Computer Service And Software
Keywords:
Responsifitas pasar
Abstract
Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh entrepreneurial orientation terhadap kinerja perusahaan dan juga menginvestigasi lebih lanjut pengaruh respons pasar dalam meningkatkan pengaruh hubungan entrepreneurial orientation terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Penelitian sebelumnya mengungkap, kinerja perusahaan sangat penting untuk kelangsungan hidup perusahaan dan serta kemampuan beradaptasi dengan dinamika lingkungan bisnis seperti: pesaing, pelanggan, ataupun tren pasar. Penelitian ini dilakukan di lingkungan Industri Layanan Komputer dan Peranti Lunak (LKPL) dengan mengambil 126 sampel perusahaan kecil-menengah di Jakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa entrepreneurial orientation tidak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja perusahaan secara langsung. Penelitian ini juga memberikan bukti empiris terhadap ketidakkonsistenan dari penelitian sebelumnya tentang pengaruh entrepreneurial orientation terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Penelitian ini mendukung bahwa entrepreneurial orientation memiliki pengaruh tidak langsung terhadap kinerja perusahaan, yang dimediasikan oleh respons pasar. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa perusahaan yang memiliki enterpreneurial orientation dan responsif terhadap pasar akan senantiasa terus adaptif dengan dinamika lingkungan bisnis dan dapat meningkatkan kinerjanya.
References
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Anderson, B.S., and Eshima, Y., 2011, The Influence of Firm Age and Intagible Resources on the Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Firm Growth Among Japanese SMEs,Journal of Business Venturing, JBV-05599.
Anderson, J.C., and David, W.G.,Some Methods for Respecifying Measurement Models to Obtain Unidimensional Construct Measurement, Journal of Marketing Research (1982): 453-460.
Bagozzi, R.P., and Youjae, Y., 1988, On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models,Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16 (1), 74-94.
Baker, W.E., and Sinkula, J.M., 2009, The Complementary Effects of Market Orientation and Entrepreneurial Orientation on Profitability in Small Business,Journal of Small Business Management, 47,4.
Barney, J. B., 1991. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage,Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120.
Cardella, E.,2012, Learning to Make Better Strategic Decisions,Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization.
Carree, M.A., and Thurik, A.R., 1998, Small Firms and Economic Growth in Europe,Atlantic Economic Journal, 26(2), 137–146.
Casson, M., and Wadeson, N., 2007, Entreprneurship and Macroeconomic Performance,Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1, 239-262.
Covin, J. G., and Slevin, D. P., 1991a, A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16, 7–25.
Covin, J. G., and Slevin, D. P., 1991b, Entrepreneurial Versus Conservative Firms: A Comparison of Strategies and Performance,Journal of Management Studies, 28, 439–462.
Covin, J. G., and Slevin, D. P., 1993. A Response to Zahra’s “Critique and Extension" of the Covin-Slevin Entrepreneurship Model,Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17, 23-23.
Covin, J.G., and Slevin, D.P., 1989, Strategic Management of Small Firms in Hostile and Benign Environments,Strategic Management Journal, 10, 75–87.81.
D'Aveni, R.A., 1994,Hypercompetition: Managing the Dynamics of Strategic Maneuvering, New York: The Free Press.
Danneels, E., 2012, Second‐Order Competences and Schumpeterian Rents,Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 6(1), 42-58.
Day, G.S., 1994, The Capabilities of Market-Driven Organizations,Journal of Marketing 58 (4), 37–53.
Dess, G.G., Lumpkin, G.T., and Covin, J.G., 1997, Entrepreneurial Strategy Making and Firm Performance: Tests of contigency and Configurational Models,Strategic Management Journal, 18(9), 677-695.
Eisenhardt K. M., and Martin M., 2000, Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21(10), 1105–1121.
Garrett, R.P., Covin, J.G., and Slevin, D.P., 2009, Market Responsiveness, Top Management Risk Taking, and the Role of Strategic Learning as Determinants of Market Pioneering,Journal of Business Research, 62, 782-788.
Hair Jr, et. al., 2010,Multivariate Data Analysis: Global Edition, Seventh Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hamsal, M., 2006,The effect of Paradoxical Strategies on firm Performance: Empirical Study of Indonesia Banking Industry,Disertation, Graduate School of Management, Faculty of Economics, Universitas Indonesia.
Hult G.,et. al., 2005, Market Orientation and Performance: An Integration of Disparate Approaches,Strategic Management Journal, 26(12), 1173- 1181.
Jaworski, B. J., and Kohli, A.K., 1993, Market Orientation: Antecedents and Consequences,Journal of Marketing, 57(7), 53–70.
Jaworski, B. J., et. al., 1993, MARKOR: A Measure of Market Orientation,Journal of Marketing Research, 30(4), 467-477.
Johnson Jr., et.al., 2008, Competitive Dynamics, Global Industry Cycles, Integration-Responsiveness, and Financial Performance in Emerging Industrialized Country Markets,International Journal of Business and Economics, Vol. 7, No. 1, 61-88.
Karpak, B., and Topcu, I, 2010, Small Medium Manufacturing Enterprises in Turkey: An Analytic Network Process Framework for Prioritizing Factors Affecting Success,International Journal of Production Economics, 125, 60–70.
Keh, H.T., et.al., 2007, The Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Marketing Information on the Performance of SMEs,Journal of Business Venturing, 22, 592-611.
Knight, G., 2000, Entrepreneurship and Marketing Strategy: The SME Under Globalization,Journal of International Marketing, 8, 12-32.
Kohli, A.K., and Jaworski, B. J., 1990, Market Orientation: the Construct,Research Propositions, and Managerial Implications,Journal of Marketing 54(2), 1–18.
Kreiser, P. M. Marino, L. D., and Weaver, K. M., 2002, Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Entrepreneurial Scale: AMulti–country Analysis,Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26, 71-92.
Kushnir, K., et.al.,2010,Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises Around the World: How Many Are There, and What Affects the Count? Wold Bank, IFC.
Kusumawardhani, A.,el. al., 2009,Framework of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Networking: AStudy of SMEs Performance in a Developing Country, Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference (pp.1-16). Adelaide, Australia: Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management.
Li, Yong-Hui, Jing-Wen Huang, and Ming-Tien Tsai, 2009, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Firm Performance: The Role of Knowledge Creation Process,Industrial Marketing Management, 38, 440-449.
Lumpkin G. T., and Dess G. G., 1996, Clarifying the Entrperenrial Orientation Construct and Lingkin it to Performance,Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
Marksman, G., Balkin, D., and Schjoedt, L.A. (2001), Governing the Innovation Process in Entrepreneurial Firms,Journal of High Technology Management Research, 12(2), 273–293.
Matsuno, Ken, John T. Mentzer, and Asegul Ozsomer., 2002, The Effects of Entrepreneurial Proclivity and Market Orientation on Business Performance,Journal of Marketing, 66(3), 18-32.
Miller D., 1983, The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms,Management Science, 29(7), 770-791.
Ministry of Industry, 2009, Book V: Cluster Development of Priority Cluster Creative Industry Support and Selected Industry Period 2010-2014.
Ministry of Trade, 2008,Creative Economies Study: Indonesia Creative Economy 2025
Mintzberg H, and Waters J.A., 1985, Of Strategies, Deliberate and Emergent,Strategic Management Journal, 6(3), 257-272.
Mueller, S. L., and Thomas, A.S., 2001, Culture and Entrepreneurial Potential: A Nine Country Study of Locus of Control and Innovativeness,Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1),51-75.
Narver, J.C., et.al., 2004, Responsive and Proactive Market Orientation and New-Product Success,The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 21, 334-347.
Nasution, H.N.,et.al., 2011, Entrepreneurship: Its Relationship with Market Orientation and Learning Orientation and as Antecedents to Innovation and Customer Value, Industrial Marketing Management, 40, 336-345.
Paul, S., Whittam, G., and Wyper, J., 2007, The Pecking Order Hypothesis: Does it Apply to Start-up Firms?,Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14(1), 8–21.
Penrose, E. T., 1959,The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, New York: John Wiley.
Pett, T. L., and Wolff J. A., 2010,SME Performance: The Role of Learning Orientation and Its Relationship to Market Orientation and Entrepreneurial Orientation, International Council for Small Business (ICSB), World Conference Proceedings, Washington.
Podasakoff, P.M., et.al., 2003, Common Method Biases in Behaviorial Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Richard, O.C., Barnett, T., Dwyer, S., and Chadwick, K., 2004, Cultural Diversity in Management, Firm Performance, and the Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation Dimensions,Academy of Management Journal, 47(2), 255-266.
Shimizu, K., and Hitt, M. A., 2004, Strategic Flexibility: Organizational Preparedness to Reverse Ineffective Strategic Decisions,The Academy of Management Executive, 18(4), 44-59.
Siren, Charlotta A., Kohtamaki, Marko, and Kuckertz, Andreas., 2012, Exploration and Exploitation Strategies Profit Performance, and the Mediating Role of Strategic Learnign: Escaping the Explotation Trap,Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 6, 18-41.
Slevin, D. P., and Covin, J. G., 1990, Juggling Entrepreneurial Style and Organizational Structure—How to Get Your Act Together. Sloan Management Review, 31(2), 43-53.
Soininen, J., et.al., 2012, Entrepreneurial Orientation: Growth and Profitability of Finnish Small-and Medium-Sized Enterprises,International Journal of Production Economics, 140(2), 614-621.
Sugawara HM, and MacCallum RC., 1993, Effect of Estimation Method on Incremental Fit Indexes for Covariance Structure Models,Applied Psychological Measurement, 17, 365–77.
Wiklund J., and Shepher D., 2003, Knowledge-Based Resources, Entrpreneurial Orientation, and the Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses,Strategic Management Journal, 24(13), 1307-1314.
Wiklund, J., 1999, The Sustainability of the Entrepreneurial Orientation-Performance Relationship,Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 24, 37–48.
Zahra S. A., 2008, Being entrepreneurial and Market Driven: Implications for Company Performance,Journal of Strategy and Management, 1(2), 125-142.
Zahra, S., 1991, Predictors and Financial Outcomes of Corporate Entrepreneurship: An Explorative Study,Journal of Business Venturing, 6, 259–285.
Zahra, S.A., and Covin, J.G., 1995, Contextual Influences on the Corporate Entrepreneurship -Performance Relationship: A Longitudinal Analysis,Journal of Business Venturing, 10, 43-58.
Zaltman, G., Robert D.,, and Jonny H., 1973,Innovations and Organizations, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Anderson, B.S., and Eshima, Y., 2011, The Influence of Firm Age and Intagible Resources on the Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Firm Growth Among Japanese SMEs,Journal of Business Venturing, JBV-05599.
Anderson, J.C., and David, W.G.,Some Methods for Respecifying Measurement Models to Obtain Unidimensional Construct Measurement, Journal of Marketing Research (1982): 453-460.
Bagozzi, R.P., and Youjae, Y., 1988, On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models,Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16 (1), 74-94.
Baker, W.E., and Sinkula, J.M., 2009, The Complementary Effects of Market Orientation and Entrepreneurial Orientation on Profitability in Small Business,Journal of Small Business Management, 47,4.
Barney, J. B., 1991. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage,Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120.
Cardella, E.,2012, Learning to Make Better Strategic Decisions,Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization.
Carree, M.A., and Thurik, A.R., 1998, Small Firms and Economic Growth in Europe,Atlantic Economic Journal, 26(2), 137–146.
Casson, M., and Wadeson, N., 2007, Entreprneurship and Macroeconomic Performance,Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1, 239-262.
Covin, J. G., and Slevin, D. P., 1991a, A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16, 7–25.
Covin, J. G., and Slevin, D. P., 1991b, Entrepreneurial Versus Conservative Firms: A Comparison of Strategies and Performance,Journal of Management Studies, 28, 439–462.
Covin, J. G., and Slevin, D. P., 1993. A Response to Zahra’s “Critique and Extension" of the Covin-Slevin Entrepreneurship Model,Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17, 23-23.
Covin, J.G., and Slevin, D.P., 1989, Strategic Management of Small Firms in Hostile and Benign Environments,Strategic Management Journal, 10, 75–87.81.
D'Aveni, R.A., 1994,Hypercompetition: Managing the Dynamics of Strategic Maneuvering, New York: The Free Press.
Danneels, E., 2012, Second‐Order Competences and Schumpeterian Rents,Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 6(1), 42-58.
Day, G.S., 1994, The Capabilities of Market-Driven Organizations,Journal of Marketing 58 (4), 37–53.
Dess, G.G., Lumpkin, G.T., and Covin, J.G., 1997, Entrepreneurial Strategy Making and Firm Performance: Tests of contigency and Configurational Models,Strategic Management Journal, 18(9), 677-695.
Eisenhardt K. M., and Martin M., 2000, Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21(10), 1105–1121.
Garrett, R.P., Covin, J.G., and Slevin, D.P., 2009, Market Responsiveness, Top Management Risk Taking, and the Role of Strategic Learning as Determinants of Market Pioneering,Journal of Business Research, 62, 782-788.
Hair Jr, et. al., 2010,Multivariate Data Analysis: Global Edition, Seventh Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hamsal, M., 2006,The effect of Paradoxical Strategies on firm Performance: Empirical Study of Indonesia Banking Industry,Disertation, Graduate School of Management, Faculty of Economics, Universitas Indonesia.
Hult G.,et. al., 2005, Market Orientation and Performance: An Integration of Disparate Approaches,Strategic Management Journal, 26(12), 1173- 1181.
Jaworski, B. J., and Kohli, A.K., 1993, Market Orientation: Antecedents and Consequences,Journal of Marketing, 57(7), 53–70.
Jaworski, B. J., et. al., 1993, MARKOR: A Measure of Market Orientation,Journal of Marketing Research, 30(4), 467-477.
Johnson Jr., et.al., 2008, Competitive Dynamics, Global Industry Cycles, Integration-Responsiveness, and Financial Performance in Emerging Industrialized Country Markets,International Journal of Business and Economics, Vol. 7, No. 1, 61-88.
Karpak, B., and Topcu, I, 2010, Small Medium Manufacturing Enterprises in Turkey: An Analytic Network Process Framework for Prioritizing Factors Affecting Success,International Journal of Production Economics, 125, 60–70.
Keh, H.T., et.al., 2007, The Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Marketing Information on the Performance of SMEs,Journal of Business Venturing, 22, 592-611.
Knight, G., 2000, Entrepreneurship and Marketing Strategy: The SME Under Globalization,Journal of International Marketing, 8, 12-32.
Kohli, A.K., and Jaworski, B. J., 1990, Market Orientation: the Construct,Research Propositions, and Managerial Implications,Journal of Marketing 54(2), 1–18.
Kreiser, P. M. Marino, L. D., and Weaver, K. M., 2002, Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Entrepreneurial Scale: AMulti–country Analysis,Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26, 71-92.
Kushnir, K., et.al.,2010,Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises Around the World: How Many Are There, and What Affects the Count? Wold Bank, IFC.
Kusumawardhani, A.,el. al., 2009,Framework of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Networking: AStudy of SMEs Performance in a Developing Country, Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference (pp.1-16). Adelaide, Australia: Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management.
Li, Yong-Hui, Jing-Wen Huang, and Ming-Tien Tsai, 2009, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Firm Performance: The Role of Knowledge Creation Process,Industrial Marketing Management, 38, 440-449.
Lumpkin G. T., and Dess G. G., 1996, Clarifying the Entrperenrial Orientation Construct and Lingkin it to Performance,Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
Marksman, G., Balkin, D., and Schjoedt, L.A. (2001), Governing the Innovation Process in Entrepreneurial Firms,Journal of High Technology Management Research, 12(2), 273–293.
Matsuno, Ken, John T. Mentzer, and Asegul Ozsomer., 2002, The Effects of Entrepreneurial Proclivity and Market Orientation on Business Performance,Journal of Marketing, 66(3), 18-32.
Miller D., 1983, The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms,Management Science, 29(7), 770-791.
Ministry of Industry, 2009, Book V: Cluster Development of Priority Cluster Creative Industry Support and Selected Industry Period 2010-2014.
Ministry of Trade, 2008,Creative Economies Study: Indonesia Creative Economy 2025
Mintzberg H, and Waters J.A., 1985, Of Strategies, Deliberate and Emergent,Strategic Management Journal, 6(3), 257-272.
Mueller, S. L., and Thomas, A.S., 2001, Culture and Entrepreneurial Potential: A Nine Country Study of Locus of Control and Innovativeness,Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1),51-75.
Narver, J.C., et.al., 2004, Responsive and Proactive Market Orientation and New-Product Success,The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 21, 334-347.
Nasution, H.N.,et.al., 2011, Entrepreneurship: Its Relationship with Market Orientation and Learning Orientation and as Antecedents to Innovation and Customer Value, Industrial Marketing Management, 40, 336-345.
Paul, S., Whittam, G., and Wyper, J., 2007, The Pecking Order Hypothesis: Does it Apply to Start-up Firms?,Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14(1), 8–21.
Penrose, E. T., 1959,The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, New York: John Wiley.
Pett, T. L., and Wolff J. A., 2010,SME Performance: The Role of Learning Orientation and Its Relationship to Market Orientation and Entrepreneurial Orientation, International Council for Small Business (ICSB), World Conference Proceedings, Washington.
Podasakoff, P.M., et.al., 2003, Common Method Biases in Behaviorial Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Richard, O.C., Barnett, T., Dwyer, S., and Chadwick, K., 2004, Cultural Diversity in Management, Firm Performance, and the Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation Dimensions,Academy of Management Journal, 47(2), 255-266.
Shimizu, K., and Hitt, M. A., 2004, Strategic Flexibility: Organizational Preparedness to Reverse Ineffective Strategic Decisions,The Academy of Management Executive, 18(4), 44-59.
Siren, Charlotta A., Kohtamaki, Marko, and Kuckertz, Andreas., 2012, Exploration and Exploitation Strategies Profit Performance, and the Mediating Role of Strategic Learnign: Escaping the Explotation Trap,Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 6, 18-41.
Slevin, D. P., and Covin, J. G., 1990, Juggling Entrepreneurial Style and Organizational Structure—How to Get Your Act Together. Sloan Management Review, 31(2), 43-53.
Soininen, J., et.al., 2012, Entrepreneurial Orientation: Growth and Profitability of Finnish Small-and Medium-Sized Enterprises,International Journal of Production Economics, 140(2), 614-621.
Sugawara HM, and MacCallum RC., 1993, Effect of Estimation Method on Incremental Fit Indexes for Covariance Structure Models,Applied Psychological Measurement, 17, 365–77.
Wiklund J., and Shepher D., 2003, Knowledge-Based Resources, Entrpreneurial Orientation, and the Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses,Strategic Management Journal, 24(13), 1307-1314.
Wiklund, J., 1999, The Sustainability of the Entrepreneurial Orientation-Performance Relationship,Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 24, 37–48.
Zahra S. A., 2008, Being entrepreneurial and Market Driven: Implications for Company Performance,Journal of Strategy and Management, 1(2), 125-142.
Zahra, S., 1991, Predictors and Financial Outcomes of Corporate Entrepreneurship: An Explorative Study,Journal of Business Venturing, 6, 259–285.
Zahra, S.A., and Covin, J.G., 1995, Contextual Influences on the Corporate Entrepreneurship -Performance Relationship: A Longitudinal Analysis,Journal of Business Venturing, 10, 43-58.
Zaltman, G., Robert D.,, and Jonny H., 1973,Innovations and Organizations, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
